PAX(1) NetBSD General Commands Manual PAX(1) NNAAMMEE ppaaxx - read and write file archives and copy directory hierarchies SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS ppaaxx [--00ccddjjnnvvzzOO] [--EE _l_i_m_i_t] [--ff _a_r_c_h_i_v_e] [--NN _d_b_d_i_r] [--ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r] _._._. [--UU _u_s_e_r] _._._. [--GG _g_r_o_u_p] _._._. [--TT [_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e] [,_t_o___d_a_t_e]] _._._. [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n _._._.] ppaaxx --rr [--ccddiijjkknnuuvvzzAADDOOYYZZ] [--EE _l_i_m_i_t] [--ff _a_r_c_h_i_v_e] [--NN _d_b_d_i_r] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_s] _._._. [--pp _s_t_r_i_n_g] _._._. [--ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r] _._._. [--UU _u_s_e_r] _._._. [--GG _g_r_o_u_p] _._._. [--TT [_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e] [,_t_o___d_a_t_e]] _._._. [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n _._._.] ppaaxx --ww [--ddiijjttuuvvzzAAHHLLMMOOPPXX] [--bb _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e] [[--aa] [--ff _a_r_c_h_i_v_e]] [--xx _f_o_r_m_a_t] [--BB _b_y_t_e_s] [--NN _d_b_d_i_r] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_s] _._._. [--ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r] _._._. [--UU _u_s_e_r] _._._. [--GG _g_r_o_u_p] _._._. [--TT [_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e] [,_t_o___d_a_t_e][/[cc][mm]]] _._._. [_f_i_l_e _._._.] ppaaxx --rr --ww [--ddiijjkkllnnttuuvvzzAADDHHLLMMOOPPXXYYZZ] [--NN _d_b_d_i_r] [--pp _s_t_r_i_n_g] _._._. [--ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r] _._._. [--UU _u_s_e_r] _._._. [--GG _g_r_o_u_p] _._._. [--TT [_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e] [,_t_o___d_a_t_e][/[cc][mm]]] _._._. [_f_i_l_e _._._.] _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN ppaaxx will read, write, and list the members of an archive file, and will copy directory hierarchies. If the archive file is of the form: _[_[_u_s_e_r_@_]_h_o_s_t_:_]_f_i_l_e then the archive will be processed using rmt(8). ppaaxx operation is independent of the specific archive format, and supports a wide variety of different archive formats. A list of supported archive formats can be found under the description of the --xx option. The presence of the --rr and the --ww options specifies which of the follow- ing functional modes ppaaxx will operate under: _l_i_s_t, _r_e_a_d, _w_r_i_t_e, and _c_o_p_y. _L_i_s_t. ppaaxx will write to standard output a table of contents of the members of the archive file read from standard input, whose pathnames match the specified _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_s. The table of contents contains one filename per line and is written using single line buffering. --rr _R_e_a_d. ppaaxx extracts the members of the archive file read from the standard input, with pathnames matching the specified _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_s. The archive format and blocking is automatically determined on input. When an extracted file is a directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory is extracted. All extracted files are created relative to the current file hierarchy. The setting of ownership, access and modification times, and file mode of the extracted files are discussed in more detail under the --pp option. --ww _W_r_i_t_e. ppaaxx writes an archive containing the _f_i_l_e operands to standard output using the specified archive format. When no _f_i_l_e operands are specified, a list of files to copy with one per line is read from standard input. When a _f_i_l_e operand is also a directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be included. --rr --ww _C_o_p_y. ppaaxx copies the _f_i_l_e operands to the destination _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. When no _f_i_l_e operands are specified, a list of files to copy with one per line is read from the standard input. When a _f_i_l_e oper- and is also a directory the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be included. The effect of the _c_o_p_y is as if the copied files were written to an archive file and then subse- quently extracted, except that there may be hard links between the original and the copied files (see the --ll option below). _W_a_r_n_i_n_g: The destination _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y must not be one of the _f_i_l_e operands or a member of a file hierarchy rooted at one of the _f_i_l_e operands. The result of a _c_o_p_y under these conditions is unpredictable. While processing a damaged archive during a _r_e_a_d or _l_i_s_t operation, ppaaxx will attempt to recover from media defects and will search through the archive to locate and process the largest number of archive members pos- sible (see the --EE option for more details on error handling). OOPPEERRAANNDDSS The _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y operand specifies a destination directory pathname. If the _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y operand does not exist, or it is not writable by the user, or it is not of type directory, ppaaxx will exit with a non-zero exit status. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand is used to select one or more pathnames of archive members. Archive members are selected using the pattern matching nota- tion described by fnmatch(3). When the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand is not supplied, all members of the archive will be selected. When a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n matches a directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be selected. When a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand does not select at least one archive member, ppaaxx will write these _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operands in a diagnostic message to standard error and then exit with a non-zero exit status. The _f_i_l_e operand specifies the pathname of a file to be copied or archived. When a _f_i_l_e operand does not select at least one archive mem- ber, ppaaxx will write these _f_i_l_e operand pathnames in a diagnostic message to standard error and then exit with a non-zero exit status. OOPPTTIIOONNSS The following options are supported: --rr Read an archive file from standard input and extract the specified _f_i_l_e_s. If any intermediate directories are needed in order to extract an archive member, these directories will be created as if mkdir(2) was called with the bitwise inclusive OR of S_IRWXU, S_IRWXG, and S_IRWXO as the mode argument. When the selected ar- chive format supports the specification of linked files and these files cannot be linked while the archive is being extracted, ppaaxx will write a diagnostic message to standard error and exit with a non-zero exit status at the completion of operation. --ww Write files to the standard output in the specified archive format. When no _f_i_l_e operands are specified, standard input is read for a list of pathnames with one per line without any leading or trailing . --aa Append _f_i_l_e_s to the end of an archive that was previously written. If an archive format is not specified with a --xx option, the format currently being used in the archive will be selected. Any attempt to append to an archive in a format different from the format already used in the archive will cause ppaaxx to exit immediately with a non-zero exit status. The blocking size used in the archive vol- ume where writing starts will continue to be used for the remainder of that archive volume. _W_a_r_n_i_n_g: Many storage devices are not able to support the opera- tions necessary to perform an append operation. Any attempt to append to an archive stored on such a device may damage the archive or have other unpredictable results. Tape drives in particular are more likely to not support an append operation. An archive stored in a regular file system file or on a disk device will usually sup- port an append operation. --bb _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e When _w_r_i_t_i_n_g an archive, block the output at a positive decimal integer number of bytes per write to the archive file. The _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e must be a multiple of 512 bytes with a maximum of 32256 bytes. A _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e can end with k or b to specify multiplication by 1024 (1K) or 512, respectively. A pair of _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e_s can be separated by x to indicate a product. A specific archive device may impose additional restrictions on the size of blocking it will support. When blocking is not specified, the default _b_l_o_c_k_s_i_z_e is dependent on the specific archive format being used (see the --xx option). --cc Match all file or archive members _e_x_c_e_p_t those specified by the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n and _f_i_l_e operands. --dd Cause files of type directory being copied or archived, or archive members of type directory being extracted, to match only the direc- tory file or archive member and not the file hierarchy rooted at the directory. --ff _a_r_c_h_i_v_e Specify _a_r_c_h_i_v_e as the pathname of the input or output archive, overriding the default standard input (for _l_i_s_t and _r_e_a_d) or standard output (for _w_r_i_t_e). A single archive may span multiple files and different archive devices. When required, ppaaxx will prompt for the pathname of the file or device of the next volume in the archive. --ii Interactively rename files or archive members. For each archive member matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand or each file matching a _f_i_l_e op- erand, ppaaxx will prompt to _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y giving the name of the file, its file mode and its modification time. ppaaxx will then read a line from _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y. If this line is blank, the file or archive member is skipped. If this line consists of a single period, the file or archive member is processed with no modification to its name. Oth- erwise, its name is replaced with the contents of the line. ppaaxx will immediately exit with a non-zero exit status if is encountered when reading a response or if _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y cannot be opened for reading and writing. --jj Use bzip2(1) for compression when reading or writing archive files. --kk Do not overwrite existing files. --ll Link files. (The letter ell). In the _c_o_p_y mode (--rr --ww), hard links are made between the source and destination file hierarchies whenever possible. --nn Select the first archive member that matches each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n operand. No more than one archive member is matched for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. When members of type directory are matched, the file hierarchy rooted at that directory is also matched (unless --dd is also specified). --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_s Information to modify the algorithm for extracting or writing ar- chive files which is specific to the archive format specified by --xx. In general, _o_p_t_i_o_n_s take the form: nnaammee==vvaalluuee --pp _s_t_r_i_n_g Specify one or more file characteristic options (privileges). The _s_t_r_i_n_g option-argument is a string specifying file characteristics to be retained or discarded on extraction. The string consists of the specification characters aa, ee, ff, mm, oo, and pp. Multiple char- acteristics can be concatenated within the same string and multiple --pp options can be specified. The meaning of the specification characters are as follows: aa Do not preserve file access times. By default, file access times are preserved whenever possible. ee `Preserve everything', the user ID, group ID, file mode bits, file access time, and file modification time. This is intended to be used by _r_o_o_t, someone with all the appropriate privi- leges, in order to preserve all aspects of the files as they are recorded in the archive. The ee flag is the sum of the oo and pp flags. mm Do not preserve file modification times. By default, file mod- ification times are preserved whenever possible. oo Preserve the user ID and group ID. pp `Preserve' the file mode bits. This is intended to be used by a _u_s_e_r with regular privileges who wants to preserve all aspects of the file other than the ownership. The file times are preserved by default, but two other flags are offered to disable this and use the time of extraction instead. In the preceding list, `preserve' indicates that an attribute stored in the archive is given to the extracted file, subject to the permissions of the invoking process. Otherwise the attribute of the extracted file is determined as part of the normal file cre- ation action. If neither the ee nor the oo specification character is specified, or the user ID and group ID are not preserved for any reason, ppaaxx will not set the S_ISUID (_s_e_t_u_i_d) and S_ISGID (_s_e_t_g_i_d) bits of the file mode. If the preservation of any of these items fails for any reason, ppaaxx will write a diagnostic message to standard error. Failure to preserve these items will affect the final exit status, but will not cause the extracted file to be deleted. If the file characteristic letters in any of the string option-arguments are duplicated or conflict with each other, the one(s) given last will take precedence. For example, if --pp _e_m_e is specified, file modification times are still preserved. --ss _r_e_p_l_s_t_r Modify the file or archive member names specified by the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n or _f_i_l_e operands according to the substitution expression _r_e_p_l_s_t_r, using the syntax of the ed(1) utility regular expressions. The format of these regular expressions are: /old/new/[gp] As in ed(1), oolldd is a basic regular expression and nneeww can contain an ampersand (&), \n (where n is a digit) back-references, or subexpression matching. The oolldd string may also contain characters. Any non-null character can be used as a delimiter (/ is shown here). Multiple --ss expressions can be specified. The expressions are applied in the order they are specified on the com- mand line, terminating with the first successful substitution. The optional trailing gg continues to apply the substitution expression to the pathname substring which starts with the first character following the end of the last successful substitution. The first unsuccessful substitution stops the operation of the gg option. The optional trailing pp will cause the final result of a successful substitution to be written to standard error in the following for- mat: >> File or archive member names that substitute to the empty string are not selected and will be skipped. --tt Reset the access times of any file or directory read or accessed by ppaaxx to be the same as they were before being read or accessed by ppaaxx, if the user has the appropriate permissions required by utime(3). --uu Ignore files that are older (having a less recent file modification time) than a pre-existing file or archive member with the same name. During _r_e_a_d, an archive member with the same name as a file in the file system will be extracted if the archive member is newer than the file. During _w_r_i_t_e, a file system member with the same name as an archive member will be written to the archive if it is newer than the archive member. During _c_o_p_y, the file in the desti- nation hierarchy is replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer. --vv During a _l_i_s_t operation, produce a verbose table of contents using the format of the ls(1) utility with the --ll option. For pathnames representing a hard link to a previous member of the archive, the output has the format: == Where is the output format specified by the ls(1) utility when used with the --ll option. Otherwise for all the other operational modes (_r_e_a_d, _w_r_i_t_e, and _c_o_p_y), pathnames are written and flushed to standard error without a trailing as soon as processing begins on that file or archive member. The trailing , is not buffered, and is written only after the file has been read or written. --xx _f_o_r_m_a_t Specify the output archive format, with the default format being _u_s_t_a_r. ppaaxx currently supports the following formats: _c_p_i_o The extended cpio interchange format specified in the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') standard. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes. Inode and device informa- tion about a file (used for detecting file hard links by this format) which may be truncated by this format is detected by ppaaxx and is repaired. _b_c_p_i_o The old binary cpio format. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes. This format is not very porta- ble and should not be used when other formats are avail- able. Inode and device information about a file (used for detecting file hard links by this format) which may be truncated by this format is detected by ppaaxx and is repaired. _s_v_4_c_p_i_o The AT&T System V.4 UNIX cpio. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes. Inode and device information about a file (used for detecting file hard links by this format) which may be truncated by this format is detected by ppaaxx and is repaired. _s_v_4_c_r_c The AT&T System V.4 UNIX cpio with file crc checksums. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes. Inode and device information about a file (used for detecting file hard links by this format) which may be truncated by this format is detected by ppaaxx and is repaired. _t_a_r The old BSD tar format as found in 4.3BSD. The default blocksize for this format is 10240 bytes. Pathnames stored by this format must be 100 characters or less in length. Only _r_e_g_u_l_a_r files, _h_a_r_d _l_i_n_k_s, _s_o_f_t _l_i_n_k_s, and _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_i_e_s will be archived (other file types are not supported). For backward compatibility with even older tar formats, a --oo option can be used when writing an ar- chive to omit the storage of directories. This option takes the form: --oo wwrriittee__oopptt==nnooddiirr _u_s_t_a_r The extended tar interchange format specified in the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') standard. The default blocksize for this format is 10240 bytes. Pathnames stored by this format must be 250 characters or less in length. ppaaxx will detect and report any file that it is unable to store or extract as the result of any specific archive format restrictions. The individual archive formats may impose additional restrictions on use. Typical archive format restrictions include (but are not limited to): file pathname length, file size, link pathname length and the type of the file. --zz Use gzip(1) compression, when reading or writing archive files. --AA Do not strip leading `/'s from file names. --BB _b_y_t_e_s Limit the number of bytes written to a single archive volume to _b_y_t_e_s. The _b_y_t_e_s limit can end with m, k, or b to specify multi- plication by 1048576 (1M), 1024 (1K) or 512, respectively. A pair of _b_y_t_e_s limits can be separated by x to indicate a product. _W_a_r_n_i_n_g: Only use this option when writing an archive to a device which supports an end of file read condition based on last (or largest) write offset (such as a regular file or a tape drive). The use of this option with a floppy or hard disk is not recom- mended. --DD This option is the same as the --uu option, except that the file inode change time is checked instead of the file modification time. The file inode change time can be used to select files whose inode information (e.g. uid, gid, etc.) is newer than a copy of the file in the destination _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. --EE _l_i_m_i_t Limit the number of consecutive read faults while trying to read a flawed archives to _l_i_m_i_t. With a positive _l_i_m_i_t, ppaaxx will attempt to recover from an archive read error and will continue processing starting with the next file stored in the archive. A _l_i_m_i_t of 0 will cause ppaaxx to stop operation after the first read error is detected on an archive volume. A _l_i_m_i_t of NONE will cause ppaaxx to attempt to recover from read errors forever. The default _l_i_m_i_t is a small positive number of retries. _W_a_r_n_i_n_g: Using this option with NONE should be used with extreme caution as ppaaxx may get stuck in an infinite loop on a very badly flawed archive. --GG _g_r_o_u_p Select a file based on its _g_r_o_u_p name, or when starting with a ##, a numeric gid. A '\' can be used to escape the ##. Multiple --GG options may be supplied and checking stops with the first match. --HH Follow only command line symbolic links while performing a physical file system traversal. --LL Follow all symbolic links to perform a logical file system traver- sal. --MM During a _w_r_i_t_e or _c_o_p_y operation, treat the list of files on standard input as an mtree(8) `specfile' specification, and write or copy only those items in the specfile. If the file exists in the underlying file system, its permissions and modification time will be used unless specifically overridden by the specfile. An error will be raised if the type of entry in the specfile conflicts with that of an existing file. A directory entry that is marked `ooppttiioonnaall' will not be copied (even though its contents will be). Otherwise, the entry will be `faked-up', and it is necessary to specify at least the following parameters in the specfile: ttyyppee, mmooddee, ggnnaammee or ggiidd, and uunnaammee or uuiidd, ddeevviiccee (in the case of block or character devices), and lliinnkk (in the case of symbolic links). If ttiimmee isn't provided, the current time will be used. A `faked-up' entry that is marked `ooppttiioonnaall' will not be copied. --NN _d_b_d_i_r Except for lookups for the --GG and --UU options, use the user database text file _m_a_s_t_e_r_._p_a_s_s_w_d and group database text file _g_r_o_u_p from _d_b_d_i_r, rather than using the results from the system's getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3) (and related) library calls. --OO Force the archive to be one volume. If a volume ends prematurely, ppaaxx will not prompt for a new volume. This option can be useful for automated tasks where error recovery cannot be performed by a human. --PP Do not follow symbolic links, perform a physical file system tra- versal. This is the default mode. --TT _[_f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e_]_[_,_t_o___d_a_t_e_]_[_/_[_c_]_[_m_]_] Allow files to be selected based on a file modification or inode change time falling within a specified time range of _f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e to _t_o___d_a_t_e (the dates are inclusive). If only a _f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e is sup- plied, all files with a modification or inode change time equal to or younger are selected. If only a _t_o___d_a_t_e is supplied, all files with a modification or inode change time equal to or older will be selected. When the _f_r_o_m___d_a_t_e is equal to the _t_o___d_a_t_e, only files with a modification or inode change time of exactly that time will be selected. When ppaaxx is in the _w_r_i_t_e or _c_o_p_y mode, the optional trailing field _[_c_]_[_m_] can be used to determine which file time (inode change, file modification or both) are used in the comparison. If neither is specified, the default is to use file modification time only. The _m specifies the comparison of file modification time (the time when the file was last written). The _c specifies the comparison of inode change time (the time when the file inode was last changed; e.g. a change of owner, group, mode, etc). When _c and _m are both specified, then the modification and inode change times are both compared. The inode change time comparison is useful in selecting files whose attributes were recently changed or selecting files which were recently created and had their modification time reset to an older time (as what happens when a file is extracted from an archive and the modification time is preserved). Time comparisons using both file times is useful when ppaaxx is used to create a time based incremental archive (only files that were changed during a specified time range will be archived). A time range is made up of six different fields and each field must contain two digits. The format is: [[[[[cc]yy]mm]dd]hh]mm[.ss] Where cccc is the first two digits of the year (the century), yyyy is the last two digits of the year, the first mmmm is the month (from 01 to 12), dddd is the day of the month (from 01 to 31), hhhh is the hour of the day (from 00 to 23), the second mmmm is the minute (from 00 to 59), and ssss is the seconds (from 00 to 61). Only the minute field mmmm is required; the others will default to the current system val- ues. The ssss field may be added independently of the other fields. If the century is not specified, it defaults to 1900 for years between 69 and 99, or 2000 for years between 0 and 68. Time ranges are relative to the current time, so --TT _1_2_3_4_/_c_m would select all files with a modification or inode change time of 12:34 PM today or later. Multiple --TT time range can be supplied and checking stops with the first match. --UU _u_s_e_r Select a file based on its _u_s_e_r name, or when starting with a ##, a numeric uid. A '\' can be used to escape the ##. Multiple --UU options may be supplied and checking stops with the first match. --XX When traversing the file hierarchy specified by a pathname, do not descend into directories that have a different device ID. See the st_dev field as described in stat(2) for more information about device ID's. --YY This option is the same as the --DD option, except that the inode change time is checked using the pathname created after all the file name modifications have completed. --ZZ This option is the same as the --uu option, except that the modifica- tion time is checked using the pathname created after all the file name modifications have completed. --00 Use the nul character instead of \n as the file separator when reading files from standard input. ----ffoorrccee--llooccaall Do not interpret filenames that contain a `:' as remote files. ----iinnsseeccuurree Normally ppaaxx ignores filenames that contain `..' as a path compo- nent. With this option, files that contain `..' can be processed. The options that operate on the names of files or archive members (--cc, --ii, --nn, --ss, --uu, --vv, --DD, --GG, --TT, --UU, --YY, and --ZZ) interact as follows. When extracting files during a _r_e_a_d operation, archive members are `selected', based only on the user specified pattern operands as modified by the --cc, --nn, --uu, --DD, --GG, --TT, --UU options. Then any --ss and --ii options will modify in that order, the names of these selected files. Then the --YY and --ZZ options will be applied based on the final pathname. Finally the --vv option will write the names resulting from these modifications. When archiving files during a _w_r_i_t_e operation, or copying files during a _c_o_p_y operation, archive members are `selected', based only on the user specified pathnames as modified by the --nn, --uu, --DD, --GG, --TT, and --UU options (the --DD option only applies during a copy operation). Then any --ss and --ii options will modify in that order, the names of these selected files. Then during a _c_o_p_y operation the --YY and the --ZZ options will be applied based on the final pathname. Finally the --vv option will write the names resulting from these modifications. When one or both of the --uu or --DD options are specified along with the --nn option, a file is not considered selected unless it is newer than the file to which it is compared. EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS The command: pax -w -f /dev/rst0 . copies the contents of the current directory to the device _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_t_0. The command: pax -v -f filename gives the verbose table of contents for an archive stored in _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The following commands: mkdir newdir cd olddir pax -rw -pp . ../newdir will copy the entire _o_l_d_d_i_r directory hierarchy to _n_e_w_d_i_r, preserving permissions and access times. When running as root, one may also wish to preserve file ownership when copying directory trees. This can be done with the following commands: cd olddir pax -rw -pe . .../newdir which will copy the contents of _o_l_d_d_i_r into _._._._/_n_e_w_d_i_r, preserving owner- ship, permissions and access times. The command: pax -r -s ',^//*usr//*,,' -f a.pax reads the archive _a_._p_a_x, with all files rooted in ``/usr'' into the ar- chive extracted relative to the current directory. The command: pax -rw -i . dest_dir can be used to interactively select the files to copy from the current directory to _d_e_s_t___d_i_r. The command: pax -r -pe -U root -G bin -f a.pax will extract all files from the archive _a_._p_a_x which are owned by _r_o_o_t with group _b_i_n and will preserve all file permissions. The command: pax -r -w -v -Y -Z home /backup will update (and list) only those files in the destination directory _/_b_a_c_k_u_p which are older (less recent inode change or file modification times) than files with the same name found in the source file tree _h_o_m_e. EERRRROORRSS ppaaxx will exit with one of the following values: 0 All files were processed successfully. 1 An error occurred. Whenever ppaaxx cannot create a file or a link when reading an archive or cannot find a file when writing an archive, or cannot preserve the user ID, group ID, or file mode when the --pp option is specified, a diagnostic message is written to standard error and a non-zero exit status will be returned, but processing will continue. In the case where pax cannot create a link to a file, ppaaxx will not create a second copy of the file. If the extraction of a file from an archive is prematurely terminated by a signal or error, ppaaxx may have only partially extracted a file the user wanted. Additionally, the file modes of extracted files and directories may have incorrect file bits, and the modification and access times may be wrong. If the creation of an archive is prematurely terminated by a signal or error, ppaaxx may have only partially created the archive which may violate the specific archive format specification. If while doing a _c_o_p_y, ppaaxx detects a file is about to overwrite itself, the file is not copied, a diagnostic message is written to standard error and when ppaaxx completes it will exit with a non-zero exit status. SSEEEE AALLSSOO cpio(1), tar(1), symlink(7), mtree(8) SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS The ppaaxx utility is a superset of the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') stan- dard. The options --BB, --DD, --EE, --GG, --HH, --LL, --MM, --OO, --PP, --TT, --UU, --YY, --ZZ, --zz, the archive formats _b_c_p_i_o, _s_v_4_c_p_i_o, _s_v_4_c_r_c, _t_a_r, and the flawed ar- chive handling during _l_i_s_t and _r_e_a_d operations are extensions to the POSIX standard. AAUUTTHHOORRSS Keith Muller at the University of California, San Diego. Luke Mewburn implemented --MM. NetBSD 2.0 June 18, 2004 NetBSD 2.0